写作,SSAT考试中不容忽视的环节
2015-04-23 10:24
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众所周知,在SSAT考试当中,写作一直是一个不被计入总分的项目。那么,在考试中处于第一位*的写作环节究竟在其中起到什么作用呢?首先,我们必须明确一点,写作这个单项的用途,在官方指南上已经给出了明确的答案:
*注:SSAT考试中写作为第一部分,时限25分钟,字数不限
“What is measured? Your essay will be used by admission officers to assess your writing skills. The exercise is not scored by SSAT, but a copy of your essay is forwarded to each school you request as a score recipient.”
“你的文章的副本将会被发送给每一所你指定的学校”
换句话说,即是:写作在考试中不体现为具体分数,但是仍然会被作为一份申请资料递交到你所申请的学校去。美国高中,特别是优质的私立高中,很看重写作能力,因为它体现了一个学生是否具有:
1. 清晰的叙述能力;
2. 逻辑性思维能力;
3. 基本的语言驾驭能力*
*注: 这点并不在SSAT中被强调,因为该考试多数面向本土学生,外国学生的语言能力则通过TOEFL或TOEFL Junior成绩来体现。
据此,不难看出,写作能力是一个人综合能力的体现,学术知识体系、阅读量、兴趣爱好、创造力都能借此机会得以展现。因此,大多数美国高中均将其视为“成绩”指标之外的另一项考量申请人的因素。换句话说,SSAT写作不容忽视,因为对于标准化考试分数相同的申请者来说,高质量的限时命题写作(不同于可以精心准备的申请文书),无异于更高的含金量。
然而现状是:在真正进入一个比较学术化的环境(高中)之前,即便是美国本土学生,写作能力对于大多数5-7年级(SSAT Middle Level测试)以及8-11年级(SSAT Upper Level测试)的低年龄段考生来说,并不在学校课程中被刻意强调。对于中国的小考生来说,这个任务则是难上加难:尽管在大多数学术科目比美国学生学的更难,但是用英文写命题作文的训练仍然是一片空白。目前普通初中的孩子们的学校学习多半还停留在句子翻译式写作的阶段。更不用提他们的课外生活,往往也大多被繁重的学校作业、补习班所占据,仅有的一点时间往往都被打发在了手机和电脑上。在外国文学、课外活动以及兴趣爱好等方面的涉猎几乎为零。因此,面对SSAT写作,应该早做准备。那么,面对如此重要的考试在走进考场之前,考生又应该做哪些准备工作呢?
一、保证阅读量
以下是一个普通美国八年级学生一年的阅读清单(包括两个学期和寒暑假):
1 The Wednesday Wars, Gary D. Schmidt, 2007
《星期三的战争》,加里.施密特著,2007年出版
2 The Giver, Lois Lowry, 1993
《施与者》,露易丝.罗利著,1993年出版
3 Having Our Say, Amy Hill Hearth, Sarah L. Delaney and A. Elizabeth Delaney, 1993
《我们有话要说》,艾米.赫斯与德兰尼姐妹合著,1993年出版
4 Animal Farm, George Orwell, 1945
《动物农庄》,乔治.奥威尔著,1945年出版
5 The Outsiders, Susan. E. Hinton, 1967
《局外人》,苏珊.亨顿著,1967年出版
6 The Book Thief, Markus Zusak, 2005
《偷书贼》,马尔克斯.朱萨克著,2005年出版
7 Escape From Camp 14, Blaine Harden, 2012
《逃离第十四号集中营》,布莱恩.哈登著,2012年出版
8 Fahrenheit 451, Ray Bradbury, 1953
《华氏四百五十一度》,瑞.布拉德伯利著,1953年出版
9 The Education of Little Tree, Asa Earl Carter, 1976
《小树苗的教育》,阿萨.卡特著,1976年出版
10 House on Mango Street, Sandra Cisneros, 1984
《芒果街上的屋子》,桑德拉.西斯内罗丝著,1984年出版
11 The Scarlet Letter, Nathaniel Hawthorne, 1850
《红字》,内森尼尔.霍桑著,1850年出版
12 Pygmalion, George Bernard Show, 1912
《皮格马利翁》,萧伯纳著,1912年出版
13 A Midsummer Night"s Dream, William Shakespeare, ~1590
《仲夏夜之梦》,莎士比亚著,大约写于1590年
14 The Prince and the Pauper, Mark Twain, 1881
《王子与穷人》,马克.吐温著,1881年出版
相信这个单子,会让很多中国的学生汗颜。研究表明,一个美国初中生的阅读量是普通中国初中生的六倍,而相关的练笔,恐怕也是数倍于中国学生了。因此,我们应该尽可能的增加课外阅读量,尤其是英文原版读物。这不仅对写作有好处,更是为了将来到了美国,我们不至于落在同龄美国人之后。否则,当别人引经据典,当大家为了某段众所周知的内容热烈讨论时,中国的小留学生们恐怕只能手足无措的旁观了。*
*本文最后附有推荐书单
二、勤于思考,平时练笔
SSAT写作所要求的能力与托福写作不同,很多同学凭借对托福考试的模版化写作想要生搬硬套进SSAT中的尝试是不可取的。因为托福写作是学术型议论文写作,而SSAT写作则更看重叙事与描写能力以及创造性。即没有可以偏向的“论点”也没有可以模仿的“论据说理”。因此,在SSAT写作面前,个人的经历和想象力很重要。以下是SSAT考过的几个真题(以Upper Level为例):
DIRECTIONS
Read the prompts carefully. Take a few minutes to think about them and choose one you prefer. Then organize your thoughts before you begin writing. Be sure that your handwriting is legible and that you stay within the lines and margins! If you choose the essay prompt in the Upper level test, be sure to support your writing with examples from your own experience. For the creative prompts, be yourself and let your imagination flow!
Creative prompt
l He couldn’t believe they wanted his help.
l They could have never foreseen the outcome when they started.
l He thought he was flying.
l This is the oldest one he had ever seen.
Essay prompt
l If you can become an expert in one field, what would it be and why?
l If you could do something over again, what would it be? Why?
l What do you consider the three best qualities in a friend?
l What’s your favorite book and why?
不难看出,这些题目要么偏向了解学生的课外生活,要么则是意在让学生展开想象天马行空。没有太明显的套路和应试技巧可以遵循,因此,如果平时不注意观察生活或者生活过于平淡地穿梭于学校和家之间两点一线,未来很有可能面对考题茫然无措,不知如何下手。
以Essay第一题为例,往往很多同学都一筹莫展,经过第一堂课的沟通,这是南外某位初二学生的第一篇习作:
“I
want to an expert in biology, because I want to explore the mysterious human’s body and the wonderful animal world.
When I was 9 years old, my father found an biology encyclopedia book from bookshop and it’s colorful pictures and various types of animals and plants attracted me. And then, I read the book for 3 hours. And this book inspires me to love the animals.”
3 years past and I still love the animals and attempt to read more books about animals. And that year I was 12. Occasionally, I went to my uncle’s lab (he is a biology teacher) when I look through the microscope I was surprise by the cells of animals and plants cells. And I stay in the labs for several days and watch a lot of specimen. I was so interested in it and I brought a Microscope and do experiment every days.
And now I was still crazy about biology. And now I want to explore the human’s body-I expect to know ourselves. Why we can remember things? Can what will happened if we developing our brain to 100 percent? That was all the mysteries that our ancestors left to us and people should work out it. So, I want to be a Biologist.”
在这篇练习之前,我在课堂中以启发的方式让学生自己寻找大致的思路力图突出个人的特点作为申请时的亮点,同时我们也确定了过文章基本架构和写作方向。虽然有了大致思路,然而各位还是不难看出学生对记叙文写作的陌生以及在描述性语言方面的苍白。此外,学生在行文时内容非常散乱,没有很好的逻辑,不能体现出重点并且结合上自身的特点来答题。
于是,我们需要就描写用的语言,词句的选用,逻辑衔接的体现等文法进行强化训练。更重要的是,我们要有目的地在有限的字数内,让将来看到我们的文章的Admission Officers能看到我们的自身的特点!几次课下来,初见成果:
“My first time being interested in biology stems from an encyclopedia, which was a gift from my father when I was only 9. The first time I saw the interesting pictures and description about various types of animals and plants, I was fascinated. Page by page, I kept reading it for three hours once I received it until my mother dragged me to the dinner desk, I still wouldn’t let go. Searching my memory, it was probably this book that inspired/ignited my passion toward biology.
Three years had passed and yet my enthusiasm never fades. By the age of 12, I visited the laboratory of my uncle’s, who is a biology professor in Dongnan University, by chance. That was when I knew of microscope and cells for the first time. Looking through the glasses, I was amazed by world of cells. From then on, I became a regular guest on the visitor list of my uncle’s lab. I even bought my own tools to conduct “experiment” myself at my own “lab”.
Now, I am crazier about biology, and I try to read biology-related materials as much as possible at my spare time, from dinosaurs to Rafflesia, from Charles Darwin to Leonardo Da Vinci, of which, the one thing that always catch my eyes is ourselves-human. “What’s the maximum potential of human beings?” “What will happen if we can fully utilize our brain function?” “Is mind-control real?” I am eager to find the answers to these questions, and I believe that is the career I want to pursue for the rest of my life.”
进步是可喜的,要知道这通常需要不断练笔作为保障,而且话题与话题的不同导致我们必须要不断的了解考试的动向和最新的题目。
三、了解考试,针对训练
毕竟是考场作文,所有考生都在同一时间内同一个命题下(考试提供给考生不只一个命题选择)写作。虽说写出来的文章内容、风格可能完全不同,但高下还是可以比较的。同时,如果只是如第二点所建议,平时多写,那么在紧张的时限下的发挥会受到限制。因此,根据考试特点进行训练就很有必要。训练时必须有两个要素:
1. 真题或仿真命题,限时完成:
SSAT写作在2014年经历了改革,考试并不再要求学生阐述对于某一西方谚语的认同或反对。而像上文中的例子那样,更加注重“个性化”并且“有创造力”的话题。因此,考生们要注意搜集较新的真题并且加以练习,多结交一些同龄的考生彼此多交流,特别是那些有过考试经验的同学。他们的分享很重要。而平时训练也可以由不限时间的练笔转为针对考试的限时写作。
2. 自我完善,不断修正:
初中生的眼界、想法往往都还比不上高中生,中国的初中生又未见得比得过美国初中生。因此,想要在时限下完成高质量文章,无论从内容上的深挖还是从个性化的体现就必须要专业眼光的评判。自我的修改之外,最好能有丰富写作经验的“老师”进一步完善和升华。
总而言之,面对考试,自然是提早准备为宜。而SSAT考试这样需要比较长期的积累才能厚积薄发的测试也正是美国高中看重它的原因。愿各位考生都能根据自己的实际情况提早安排,出国之路不易,只有平日里注重点滴和细节才能铸就明日的辉煌。
Recommended Reading List
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Born Free |
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Tales from Watership Down |
Richard Adams |
Little Women |
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The Wizard of Oz |
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The Last Unicorn |
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When the Legends Die |
Hal Borland |
Green Knowe |
Lucy M. Boston |
The Martian Chronicles |
Ray Bradbury |
The Andromeda Strain |
Michael Crichton |
The Tripods |
John Christopher |
James Lincoln Collier and Christopher Collier |
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I Am The Cheese |
Robert Cormier |
The Chocolate War |
Robert Cormier |
I Heard the Owl Call My Name |
Margaret Craven |
April Morning |
Howard Fast |
Johnny Tremain |
Esther Forbes |
Waiting for the Rain |
Sheila Gordon |
Rocket Boys(October Sky) |
Homer Hickam, Jr. |
Across Five Aprils |
Irene Hunt |
A Brave New World |
Aldous Huxley |
Mariel of Redwall |
Jacques, Brian; Chalk, Gary; |
A Wrinkle in Time |
Madeleine L'Engle |
Jack London |
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Walter Lord |
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The Blue Sword |
Robin McKinley |
The Hero and The Crown |
Robin McKinley |
1984 |
George Orwell |
Animal Farm |
George Orwell |
Beauty |
Ralph Emerson |
Nature |
Ralph Emerson |
The Closing of American Mind |
Allan Bloom |
Richard Rorty |
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